INDEX OF HUNGARIAN AND THEIR COMMUNITIES IN CLEVELAND

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PREFACE	iii
	INTRODUCTION by Joe Esterhas	1
	AUTHOR'S FOREWORD	5

	SECTION I: HISTORY OF HUNGARY

I.	INTRODUCTION	8
II.	THE ARPAD KINGS	10
III.	THE ANGEVIN AND ELECTED KINGS	18
IV.	THE TURKISH ERA	25
V.	RECONSTRUCTION, REFORM, AND THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE	34
VI.	THE TWENTIETH CENTURY	46

	SECTION II: HUNGARIANS IN AMERICA

I.	PRE-COLONIAL TIMES TO THE CIVIL WAR (1583 - 1850)	62
	A. The First Hungarians	62
	B. Colonel Kovats and the American War of Independence	64
	C. Explorers, Writers, Adventurers	68

II.	THE CIVIL WAR ERA (1851 - 1870)	80
	A. Kossuth in America	80
	B. The Emigres	84
	C. Lincoln Hungarian Heroes	89

III.	THE GREAT IMMIGRATION (1870 - 1920)	102
	A. One Million Hungarians	102
	B. Labor Conditions	108
	C. Institution and Organization	116

IV.	THE WORLD WARS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUNGARIAN-AMERICANS (1920 - 1970)	129
	A. The Inter-War Years	129
	B. The Second World War and the Displaced Persons	136
	C. The Refugees of the Hungarian Revolution	142

	SECTION III: THE HUNGARIAN COMMUNITIES OF CLEVELAND

I.	THE FORMATIVE PERIOD (1880 - 1910)	152
	A. Kossuth in Cleveland	152
	B. The Street were not Paved with gold	156
	C. A Community Comes Into Being	170
	D. Religious Institutions	185
	E. Culture, Languange, and Literature	208

II.	THE BUCKEYE ROAD HUNGARIAN NEIGHBORHOOD (1920 - 1960)	223
	A. The American Debrecen	223
	B. The Unique Sub-Culture of Buckeye	229
	C. Alienation and Conflict	241
	D. Hungarians in Politics and Goverment	253

III.	WORLD WAR II AND ITS AFTERMATH (1945 - 1980)	258
	A. The War Effort	258
	B. The Displaced Persons	261
	C. The Refugee of 1956	272
	D. Recent Developments	278

	SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLES
	Ethnicity and Politics: The Hungarian Experience in Cleveland - By: Dennis Frigyes Fredericks	292
	The Building of a Church by an Immigrant Community: The Case of St. Elizabeth of Hungary - By: Rev. Rick Orley	298
	Hungarian Cultural Contributions - By: L�l F. Somogyi	304

	APPENDICES
	APENDIX A : UNITED STATES CENSUS FIGURES	311
	APENDIX B : CLEVELAND : HUNGARIAN-BORN AND FOREIGN STOCK	316
	APENDIX C : BUCKEYE COMMUNITY - CENSUS TRACTS	318
	APENDIX D : COMMUNITY BUILT CHURCHES	320

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

	History Section		Page
	Hungary and the European Countries in 1980 (map)		6
	Eastern Europe in the Ninth Century (map)		12
	Hungary under the Arpads (map)		12
	The Empire of Louis the Great (map)		19
	A Page from one of the hand written books (Corvina LIbrary)		22
	King Matthias		22
	The Magyar Population in the 15th Century (map)		27
	The three zones of Turkish devastation (map)		27
	The Women of Eger		29
	Count Stephen Szechenyi		37
	Louis Kossuth		37
	Sandor Petofi		40
	Janos Arany		40
	Hungary's Partition by the Treaty of Trianon (map)		49
	Zoltan Kodaly		55
	Bela Bartok		55
	The Holy Crown of Hungary		60

	American-Hungarian Section
	Colonel Michael Kovats		65
	John Xantus		73
	The Xantus Expedition (map)		75
	Drawing by Xantus		77
	Kossuth on cover of magazine		82
	Kossuth's trip through the United States (map)		82
	Major General Julius Stahel-Szamwald		92
	Camp Zagonyi		95
	Second Charge of the Fremont Guard		95
	Letter from Capt. Mihalotzy to Lincoln		97
	Major General Alexander Asboth		99
	Hungarian immigrant family in Cleveland		107
	Hungarian and Slovak workers in Pennsylvania		107
	Photo from and immigrant family in Cleveland		113
	Hungarian Roman Catholic church in Buffalo, N. Y		117
	Verhovay Fraternal Association		122
	The statue of George Washington in Budapest		125
	Staff of Amerikai Magyar Nepszava		127
	Women's Sick Benefit Society of St. Louis		128
	First Int'l Congress of Hungarians		131
	Conference of American Hungarian Federation		137
	Aid sent to Hungary following W.W.II		137
	Hungarian refugee youngster		143

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

	Cleveland Section
	Location of Cleveland's Hungary neighborhood (map)		150
	The American House		154
	Clothing manufacturing Company		154
	The first Hungarian neighborhood (map)		158
	The first Hungarian neighborhood (map)		158
	Boarding House		162
	Immigrant men on outing		162
	National Malleable Steel Castings		165
	Hungaria Hall		165
	Theodore Kudtz and his wife		168
	The Kudtz mansion		168
	Young Men's and Ladies Society Clubhouse		173
	First Hungarian Reformed Women's Suck Benefit Society		173
	Caricature of Kohanyi		177
	20th Anniversary banquet of the Szabadsag		177
	Commemorative ceremony at St. Elizabeth of Hungary		187
	St. Elizabeth of Hungary R. C. Church		187
	St. Elizabeth Hungarian School		189
	St. Emeric's Hungarian Roman Catholic Church		192
	St. Margaret of Hungary R. C. Church		192
	St. John's Hungarian Greek Catholic Church		195
	The First Hungarian Reformed Church		195
	West Side Hungarian Reformed Church		198
	West Side Hungarian Lutheran Church		198
	Hungarian Lutheran Orphanage		200
	First Hungarian Lutheran Church		200
	First Magyar Presbyterian Church		202
	B'nai Jeshurum		202
	Shaker Square Hungarian Baptist Church		205
	Shomre Hadath		205
	Stage Players presenting "White Stag"		209
	St. Stephen's Hall		209
	West Side Hungarian Self-Culture Society		213
	Magyar Athletic Club		213
	English Language classes for foreign-born		216
	Banquet for visiting dignitaries		222
	Upper and lower Buckeye Road		225
	Weizer buildings on Buckeye		228
	Woodland Hills Park		231
	Moreland Theater		231
	St. Elizabeth Hungarian School		233
	"Bogo Temetes"		236
	Grape Harvest Festival		238
	Group of enlistments		242

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

	Cleveland Sections (Continued)		Page
	Hungarian Workingman's Home		247
	Workers Singing Circle		247
	Food Package preparation during Depression		251
	Old Settlers Association		251
	Night in Budapest		256
	Honor Roll of Military		259
	Palotas Dancers at Ball		266
	Hungarian Girl Scout troop		266
	West Side Hungarian School		269
	Demonstration in Cleveland		273
	Aid Sent to Hungary		273
	Cleveland Magyar Athletic Club (Soccer Team)		277
	C. M. A. C Boxing Team		277
	Statue of Mindszenty in Cleveland		283

Last updated July 29, 2002