NOTES

CHAPTER I: Introduction

1. William Morris, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, (Boston, MA: American Heritage Publishing Company and Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 944.

2. For Gypsy encampments, see Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West (Cleveland: The Caxton Company, 1930), 61.

CHAPTER II: ORIGINAL SURVEYS AND SUBSEQUENT DIVISIONS

1. M. R. G. Conzen, "The Use of Town Plans in the Study of Urban History," The Study of Urban History: The Proceedings of an International Round-table Conference of the Urban History Group at Gilbert Murray Hall, University of Leicester on 23-26 September, 1966, H. J. Dyos, editor (St. Martin's Press, 1968), 117.

2. Playhouse Square -- which actually includes no feature that could be called a square, circle, or other such design element -- owes its prominence to its location at the boundaries of the In-Lots and Out-Lots. The decisions to run Huron street along the southern boundary of the In-Lots, to place a street (East 14th) along the eastern boundary and to route Euclid Avenue through their intersection made this area a likely place for commercial uses to appear, once the city grew sufficiently to develop uptown nodes. The intersection of Euclid Avenue and Willson Avenue (E. 55th Street), on the boundaries of the Out-Lots and Hundred-Acre Lots, has also enjoyed some commercial prominence. This was not so much due to street design features as it was to the fact that the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad happened to cross these streets near their intersection and the property owner, Jared V. Willson, required that a station be built there (William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 278). These two prominent Euclid Avenue intersections, along with those at Erie Street (E. Ninth) and at Lake View Cemetery -- where the Nickel Plate railroad tracks cross -- did much to push the Millionaires' Row community progressively further out from Cleveland to the University Circle area. (Jan Cigliano, Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850-1910, Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 1991, 319.)

3. An important collection of early documents about the founding of the Western Reserve may be found at the Western Reserve Historical Society Library, in Cleveland, titled "MS 1: Manuscripts Relating to the Early History of the Connecticut Western Reserve, 1795-ca. 1860."

4. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959; reprint, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, first Phoenix edition, 1964), 30-35 (page references are to the reprint edition). Land prices from: Mary Lou Conlin, Simon Perkins of the Western Reserve (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1968), 29. Wade has a good discussion of the period of town building in the western lands that closed out the Eighteenth Century. See also Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850 (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1978; reprint, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990), and William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), for more on western settlements during this period.

5. It was also near to where the route to Newburgh branched off to skirt the Kinsbury Run. Doan purchased this land, Hundred Acre Lot 402, and it became know as "Doan's Hundred," further underscoring his early importance to the area.

6. "... located about where the old brewery now blots the landscape." (Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 95.) A Mr. Hoffman purchased the clock factory and converted it into a brewery, perhaps the same one (Ibid., 156).

7. Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on The Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985), 2.

8. Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 82.

9. "State Road from Job Doan's in Cleveland to the East line of Geauga County...." State Road Record, 8 September 1828-1841, 1

10. Harry Christiansen, Trolley Trails Through Greater Cleveland and Northern Ohio, Volume 2, from the Beginning Until 1910 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1975), 190.

11. Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 124-127. Harry Christiansen, Trolley Trails Through Greater Cleveland and Northern Ohio, vol. 2, from the Beginning Until 1910 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1975), 191. Christiansen also called it the Railway Hotel in one place. Post says that it was a team of two horses that was added at the Railway Hotel. Post adds that there was also a rival sandstone quarry up on the heights, operated by a Joe Barber, and a bluestone quarry owned by one W. A. Neff (Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 74, 96, 156, and 163).

12. See "Columbus Street Bridge" and William C. Barrow's "Real Estate" entries in David D. Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2d ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,1996), 307 and 843-848.

13. The presence of deep ravines leading into the Cuyahoga Valley, particularly Kinsbury Run, necessitated that roads and railroad tracks from the south swing wide to the east before entering the downtown area.

14. Harry Christiansen, Trolley Trails Through Greater Cleveland and Northern Ohio, vol. 2, from the Beginning Until 1910 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society 1975), 190.

15. Connecticut Land Company draft of 28 December 1802. Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 1:274, 10 August 1812 This group was also involved with creating a speculative town site on lands that they drew at the mouth of the Rocky River. The Rockport townsite that Canfield's group established is the first layer of an interesting palimpsest there, which concluded with the Clifton Park Allotment of 1894, also designed by Euclid Heights' designer, Ernest Bowditch.

16. Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 1:325, 12 November 1812. Ibid, vol. 3:72, 8 December, 1817. Ibid., vol. 8:543, 12 September 1829. Judson Canfield was a resident of Connecticut, and Samuel Flewelling may have been also, despite their holdings in Rockport Township, Doan's Corners, Warren and Canfield, Ohio. If they ever came to the Reserve, I have located no record of that trip. I can find nothing locally about John Adams, Jr., but Samuel Forbes is listed as one of the Connecticut Land Company employees in Cleaveland's 1796 surveying party, very few of whom settled here, so they both may have been Connecticut residents (William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 24). For bank panic as a result of land speculation, see: Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959, reprinted as The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, first Phoenix edition, 1964), 163-4 (page references are to the reprint edition).

17. Adams, et al, to Fitch and Barker, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol.13: 261, 15 March 1833. Fitch evidently was a local farmer, as he was the founding Secretary of a group of farmers who organized the Union Club for the Detection of Horse Thieves in 1830 (William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 124). Barker was the U.S. Postmaster for Cleveland from 1839 to 1842 and, it has been shown, an incorporator of the Cleveland and Newburgh Railroad in 1834. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959; reprint, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, first Phoenix edition, 1964), 68-69 (page references are to the reprint edition).

18. Cyrus Ford wrote a letter on 25 February 1842 to a Lewis Ford in Cummington, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, in which he requests that Lewis Ford raise $1,500 to $1,800 by disposing of "the farm" that spring, either by sale or lease. The money was needed to purchase a tract of land lying five miles from Cleveland, which consisted of 320 acres, 220 of them heavy timbered. A company had been formed four or five years earlier to construct a quarry railroad running on wooded rails over this tract, but it failed about 1840 and the rails were mostly torn up when Ford wrote. The construction funds were loaned by the Life Trust Company of Cincinnati, which consequentially took possession of the land and Ford was seeking to buy it. He enclosed a map showing that the land is between the State Road (Mayfield Road?) and a stream (Doan's Brook?) to the south, about a half mile east of the Cleveland-Buffalo Road. No legal description is given, but the map could be showing Hundred Acre Lots 404, 405, 412, 413 and 414, and the price and timing are about right for Ford's purchase of Lot 405 (Cyrus Ford Papers 1828-1905, WRHS, Ms 3963). Regarding the Congregational Church, see Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 135-140.

19. The term "furlong" -- a distance of one-eighth of a mile -- comes from the idea of plowing long, straight furrows. Cleveland's Public Square is one furlong in length on its eastern and western sides and, due to the fact that Ontario is slightly narrower than is Superior, is almost one furlong long on the north and south sides, as well. A furlong is also a unit of area measure, being a square with sides a furlong in length. Such a square is ten acres in area, which is the size commonly attributed to Public Square (actually 9.5 acres), which is the smallest whole-acre square created by successive quarterings of a square-mile Section of land. It is also the smallest square of land measurable in whole acres that can be produced, the sides of which are measured in whole numbers of surveyor chains. At a time when vast wilderness subdivisions needed to be surveyed rapidly and cheaply, the use of whole number units was important. Besides Public Square, the rest of the original In-Lot region was built in multiples of furlongs.

CHAPTER III: THE 1870s AT DOAN'S CORNERS AND EUCLID HEIGHTS

 1.

Source: "Comparative Decennial Rates of Population Increase For Five Cities and Their Suburbs, 1810-1860," from Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 316. "Suburb" is defined as Cuyahoga County minus the city, as of 1830.

2. Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 96.

3. Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on The Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985), 39. Charles Asa Post (Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, Cleveland: The Caxton Company, 1930), mentions Uncle Sammy's brickyard on page 155, and the Dutys' yard on page 70; and the city directories of the 1870s place the Duty brickyard in Kinsbury Run.

4. Harry Christiansen. Trolley Trails Through Greater Cleveland and Northern Ohio, vol. 2, From the Beginning Until 1910 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1975), 190-191, 197, 200. Charles Asa Post, Doans Corners and the City Four Miles West, (Cleveland, OH: The Caxton Company, 1930), 70. Lake, D.J. Atlas of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. (Philadelphia, PA: Titus, Simmons and Titus.) 1874. The route west of East 40th Street would be over Prospect Avenue, so as to avoid the heart of the Millionaires' Row district on Euclid Avenue. Jan Cigliano reports that opposition to the horsecars stemmed from the avenue's residents concerns about obstructions in the street and the presence of transit-riders (Jan Cigliano, Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850-1910 (Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 1991), 33). Another aspect, though, was the need to keep the tracks cleared of snow, which interrupted the avenue's favorite winter pastime, sleighing (Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago, IL: American Public Works Association, 1976), 164-5).

5. Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago, IL: American Public Works Association, 1976), 163 and 165.

6. Grace Goulder, John D. Rockefeller, The Cleveland Years (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society,1972), 123. Harry Christiansen. Trolley Trails Through Greater Cleveland and Northern Ohio, vol. 2, from the Beginning Until 1910 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society 1975), 199. In 1879 the Lakeview and Collamer folded and was subsumed into the new Cleveland, Painesville and Eastern line. Its routing was changed so that the tracks crossed Euclid Avenue just west of Lake View cemetery, and entered downtown Cleveland via Kinsbury Run, eventually becoming the eastern right-of-way into Cleveland for the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, the "Nickel Plate Road," in 1882. The presence of the tracks at Lake View served to stop the eastward migration of elite residential homes along Euclid Avenue, which migration instead moved up into the heights at Euclid Heights and followed Fairmount Boulevard into Shaker Heights in later years. The Van Sweringen brothers purchased the Nickel Plate in 1916 to acquire this high-speed route into Cleveland for their Shaker Heights Rapid. Thus the Lakeview and Collamer started a process which both discouraged the Euclid Avenue direction of growth and encouraged growth onto the heights.

7. Rockefeller's board in Grace Goulder, John D. Rockefeller, The Cleveland Years (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society,1972), 124. Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on The Boston Periphery, 1815-1860 (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1985), 84.

8. Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 23 (page references are to reprint edition):

For "Astor's method" see Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan For Rent, 1785-1850, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), 204, and Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 134.

9. See note 16, Chapter 4, below.

10. Spangler and Weisgerber information from city directories. Ford to Spangler, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol.179: 495, 8 November 1870. Spangler's executor, George H. Russell to Henry Weisgerber, exec's deed Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 188: 391, 5 June 1871. Weigerber to Low, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol.191: 229 25 July 1871, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 187: 631, 8 August 1871.

11. "J.J. Low's Allotment," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 5: 31, 23 April 1872.

12. That the parcel was not actually rectangular was due to the topography of the land: the crest of Cedar Glenn extends slightly into the southwest corner of Hundred Acre Lot 405, and a variance in the alignment of Cedar Road cuts off a small triangular piece of land. Low's land on the western end of Cedar Road evidently had too much slope and later was sold as one large parcel, Lot 59.

13. "J.J. Low's Allotment." Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 5: 31, 23 April 1872. The name "Cliff Street" probably refers either to the larger cliff that Cedar Road and Clark Street climb, or to the smaller rise in land that marks the western boundary of Low's allotment.

14. "Stackpole and Parker's Subdivision," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 6: 14, 8 July 1873.

15. David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987), 638. There is a report of Bohemian residents in the area, but a check of most of the lot sales in Low's and in Stackpole and Parker's discloses no obvious Slovakian surnames for owners. Any such ethnic character could have resulted from Bohemian tenants, of course, or from mistaken references to earlier encampments of Gypsies.

16. Lake, D.J. Atlas of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. (Philadelphia, PA: Titus, Simmons and Titus.) 1874.

17. Routes and dates for Cleveland lines were reconstructed with the aid of the booklet Notes on the Dates of Expiration of Various Grants of the Cleveland Electric Railway Company [Cleveland, OH: City of Cleveland. 1914 or later].

18. For "long wave" economic depression see Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopia: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, NY: Basic Books,1987), 153.

19. Cleveland Directory 1871-72, 1871, 276. However, Rose and the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History say that Hough Avenue was dedicated in 1873. Rose mentions that the corner of Crawford and Hough, where Low was listed as living, became a business district (William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 394). Prior directories listed a joiner named John J. Lowe in 1861 and a stove agent named J.J. Low from 1863 to 1868, one year residing in East Cleveland. J.J. Low, gardener, appears on Crawford Avenue in East Cleveland, in the 1870 edition, strongly suggesting that the same person is being listed all along. By 1895 only his widow, Fanny W. Low, was listed.

20. In this, as in nearly all cases referencing city directories, the periods 1861-1874 and 1888-1899 were examined. There were several James Parkers listed over the years, but this was the only real estate man listed and the lumberman listing was connected up via the residency on Willson Avenue, which seemed defensible. By at least 1888 (when directories were again consulted), Parker was listed as a real estate man and continued to be listed as such, or as being retired, through the 1890s.

21. Only one year listed any other Stackpoles at all and that was 1888. Then a Mrs. M. D. Stackpole was listed at 1216 Willson Avenue and a Peter Stackpole, molder, was boarding on Payne. Mrs. M. D. Stackpole also appeared in the Cleveland Blue Book for 1888. As no residential listing appeared for Thomas Stackpole that year, as James Parker lived only two blocks away and as all Stackpoles disappeared from the directories at the same time, the conclusion that Thomas and Mrs. M. D. were not related cannot be made without at least examining directories issued before 1888. Skipping ahead to 1888 he was listed in real estate in the Wade Building, but in 1889 the listing said he moved to Athens, Tennessee.

22. Other East End examples were F. W. Smith and M. B. Lukens who each had allotments near Doan's Corners in the early 1870s. For Cowles, see James Harrison Kennedy, A History of the City of Cleveland: Biographical Volume (Cleveland, OH: The Imperial Press, 1897), 51-2.

23. Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 794: 34, 29 May 1901.

24. "Ford and Cozad, Dedication of Road," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 5: 43, 24 May 1872. This road has also been known as Bellevue Street in later years.

25. For other ventures see Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 5: 25 and 33.

26. "Stringer's Map of Cleveland and Suburbs" (1873), and "Guide Map to the City of Cleveland," (Cleveland, OH: W.S. Robinson and Company, 1874). These maps show a Euclid Heights Avenue running along the ridge, about where Overlook is today. Unlike Overlook, however, Euclid Heights Avenue does not tie into Cedar, but to an extension of Highland Avenue, running north of and parallel to Cedar up onto the ridge.

27. Lake, D.J. Atlas of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. (Philadelphia, PA: Titus, Simmons and Titus.) 1874.

CHAPTER IV: THE EUCLID HEIGHTS ALLOTMENT OF 1892

1. This old trail, approximately where Overlook Road is today, was approximately the same alignment slated for Euclid Heights Avenue in the 1870s and may have existed as an hunting trail or cow path for years before. Post recounts a story of a Cozad son herding cows in the heights overlooking the college grounds and believes that the gypsy encampments gave rise to the "Heathen Ridge" nickname for the Euclid Heights area (Charles Asa Post, Doan's Corners and the City Four Miles West, 1930, 61 and 158).

2. For Mrs. Wick's accounts of her father's arrival in Cleveland, see Mary Emma Harris, and Ruth Mills Robinson, The Proud Heritage of Cleveland Heights, Ohio (s.l.: Howard Allen, 1966), 20-22, or Warren Corning Wick, My Recollections of Old Cleveland: Manners, Mansions, Mischief, (Cleveland, OH: Publix Book Mart, 1979), 106-108.

3. Maury Klein, The Great Richmond Terminal: A Study in Businessmen and Business Strategy (Charlottesville, NC: University Press of Virginia), 1970. King and Spalding is still a major law firm in Atlanta [see Della Wager Wells, The First Hundred Years: A Centennial History of King and Spalding (Atlanta, GA: King and Spalding, 1985)]. There were many connections between Cleveland, New York and Richmond in this era, but a couple are worth noting as they involve Calhoun and William L. Rice, who jointly had control of Euclid Heights after 1894. According to the articles of incorporation of the Continental Development Company of Virginia, an early player in the history of Shaker Heights, Rice was a member of the board of the firm in 1891, along with men from New York and Richmond. He had a close personal and business relationship with William Nelson Cromwell of New York, who represented J. P. Morgan in the creation of the National Tube Company, as Calhoun did with the Richmond Terminal.

4. Maury Klein, The Great Richmond Terminal: A Study in Businessmen and Business Strategy (Charlottesville, NC: University Press of Virginia), 1970. However, a search of newspapers during the month of August 1890 fails to turn up mention of such a meeting. Similarly futile was a search of newspaper columns announcing who was staying at local hotels during this period. There are no Richmond Terminal archives to speak of and no collection of Calhoun's papers can be found.

5. "A City of Homes - Beautiful Edifices Fit for the Richest to Inhabit...." Plain Dealer. 6 July 1890. Population figures from William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 500. In 1893, Cleveland Illustrated reported that over sixty allotments containing 7,000 homes had been laid out in the East End since 1890 (Cleveland Illustrated 1893: Its Growth, Resources, Commerce, Manufacturing Interests, Financial Institutions, Educational Advantages and Prospects; also Sketches of the Leading Business Concerns Which Contribute to the City's Progress and Prosperity: A Complete History of the City from Foundation to the Present Time (Cleveland, OH: The Consolidated Illustrating Company, [1893]).

6. Plain Dealer, 5 August 1890, 6. "Gordon and Wade Park - The Board of Trade Signifies Its Belief That They should be United" A three-paragraph resolution calling for a linking boulevard was passed by the Board on Monday, August fourth.

7. Plain Dealer, 5 August 1890, 6. "To the Garfield Memorial - The East Cleveland company Will Extend the Quincy Street Line to the Rear of the Memorial"

8. For more on the "Rural Ideal," see Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston 1870-1900 (Harvard University Press and the M.I.T. Press, 1962; reprint, New York: Atheneum, 1969), 11-14 (page references are to the reprint edition).

9. William C. Barrow, "Real Estate," The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2d ed., David D. Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, eds., (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,1996), 843-848.

10. William C. Barrow, "Real Estate," The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2d ed., David D. Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, eds., (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,1996), 843-848.

11. "Shaker Heights: A Buffalo Syndicate Contemplates It's Purchase," Plain Dealer, 16 April 1893, 7.

12. Ann Durkin Keating has noted this close relationship between public park commissions and private real estate developers in Chicago, which permitted developers to shape area-wide improvements that benefited their projects (Building Chicago: Suburban Developers and the Creation of a Divided Metropolis, (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1988), 69).

13. John W. Reps, The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 330. Downing felt that such public parks could even come to rival cemeteries in population!

14. Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 155 (page references are to reprint edition). Ernest W. Bowditch quoted in the Plain Dealer, 20 December 1891, 3.

15. This applied also to the awarding of traction franchises, as will be discussed later.

16. Fishman argues that the profits in streetcars was not in the revenues generated, but from the increases in land values to abutting properties that rail lines created. Streetcar promoters must, therefore, also be land speculators for the value of streetcars to be realized. Calhoun was both. (Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopia: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, NY: Basic Books,1987), 143).

17. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 108. Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago, IL: American Public Works Association, 1976), 168-9.

18. Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago, IL: American Public Works Association, 1976), 168.

19. "Cleveland's Electric Road," Street Railway Journal 5, number 2 (February 1889), 33.

20. "It is asserted that the consolidation of the companies was made for no other purpose than to effect a sale to the [rumored] syndicate." Plain Dealer, 9 April 1893, 4. For mergers see "Cleveland Electric Railway Company," in David Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987), 230-231.

21. "In one elemental way street railway service and suburban house building moved together: the more street railway service, the faster the rate of building." ((Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 49 (page references are to reprint edition)).

22. C. A. Urann, Centennial History of Cleveland, (Cleveland, OH: The Press of J.B. Savage, 1896), 116.

23. Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago, IL: American Public Works Association, 1976), 170. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 115. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopia: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, NY: Basic Books,1987), 151. For a discussion of the dynamics of a working class suburb, see James Borchert and Susan Borchert, "The Bird's Nest" Making of an Ethnic Village," The Gamut 21 (Summer, 1987).

24. John R. Stilgoe, Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820-1939, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,1988), Chapter Five: "Heights."

25. Norman T. Newton, Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 470-71.

26. Another argument for the claim that the Euclid Club may have been part of the original conception is that Bowditch had previously created a luxury subdivision at Tuxedo Park, New York, which did include a country club. (Kenneth F. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1985), 98.) Plain Dealer (3 July 1892, 10. "The Man of Fashion Has Changed from the 'Town Rural' to the 'Country Rural'....") discussed homes in and about Tuxedo Park, and said that property deeds in Tuxedo Park were void if the buyer wasn't elected to the Tuxedo Club. This does not appear to have been the policy in Euclid Heights, but does support the importance of private clubs in the period.

CHAPTER V: ASSEMBLING THE PARCELS

1. Remington to C.D. Bissell, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 282: 238, 14 September 1877. Bissell to Holden. Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 325: 232, 2 June 1881. Parker & Stackpole to Bishop, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 259: 69, 11 February 1876.

2. Wright to Zachry and Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 486: 380, 3 January 1891. Bishop to Zachry and Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 486: 373, 23 February 1891. Zachry and Brown to Bishop, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 489: 230, 23 February 1891.

3. Belle to Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 492: 80, 1 April 1891. Brown to Belle, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 490: 581, 1 April 1891. Stackpole to Zachry and Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 493: 96, 16 April 1891. Zachry and Brown to Stackpole, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 497: 198, 24 April 1891. Parker to Zachry and Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 493: 95, 24 April 1891. Zachry and Brown to Parker, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 497: 199, 24 April 1891. Ford to Brown, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 494: 191, 29 April 1891. Brown to Ford, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 497: 336, 5 May 1891.

4. William H. Brown to John H. Brown and Richard M. Parmely, Trustees, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 516, 106, 8 February 1892.

5. "Certificate of Organization of the 'Hudson River Realty Company,'" Essex County [New Jersey], Clerk's Office, Incorporated Business Companies, Book 5: 278, 30 April 1891. Name change to "Railroad and Realty Security Company" recorded in ibid, page 293, 12 May 1891.

6. That leaves ten times as many shares authorized but not issued. Nothing more is know about the Railroad and Realty Security Company beyond its work here.

7. In 1891 this latter road was known as either the North-South County Road, or Streator Road, and marked the eastern terminus of Cedar Road. "Cedar Street Extension, East Cleveland Township," Cuyahoga County Road Record, vol. D, 234. For the mortgage, see "John H. Brown, et al. to The Society for Savings," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 527, 410. Two dozen releases were made from this mortgage, probably indicating lot sales, and the entire mortgage was considered satisfied in 1897.

8. Mary Emma Harris and Ruth Mills Robinson, The Proud Heritage of Cleveland Heights, Ohio (s.l.: Howard Allen, 1966), 21.

9. Kara Hamley explains Bowditch's life, work and Cleveland years fully in her thesis "Cleveland's Park Allotment: Euclid Heights, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and It's Designer, Ernest W. Bowditch," Masters thesis, Cornell University, 1996.

10. Ernest W. Bowditch, Personal Reminiscences, vol. 1, 99. For Bulkley's search, see "Cleveland Park System, IV," Plain Dealer, 2 February 1898, 6. Bulkley's search may have been intended to create the appearance of objectivity, so as to weaken criticisms of the hiring process and Bowditch's credentials. In 1898 a series of bulletins published by the Park Board Reorganization Association lambasted the Park Commission, saying among other things that Bowditch was only a "junior" member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, while Cleveland boasted 18 full members that should have been considered (Cleveland Press, 18 January 1898, 3). Bowditch attributed these criticisms to professional jealousies.

11. Plain Dealer, 20 December 1891, 3.

12. For biographies of Pratt and Vorce, see Samuel P. Orth, A History of Cleveland, Ohio: Volume 2, Biographical (Chicago, IL: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1910), 43 and 47. For Palmer, see note_20 below. Exactly who conceived the design for Euclid Heights is unknown, as the records from Bowditch's Cleveland office did not survive. Bowditch accused Pratt of using his position here to steal the office's clients for his own subsequent private practice (Personal Reminiscences, vol. 2, n.p.)

13. Elevations derived from the United States Geological Survey. Cleveland South, Ohio [map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic), 41081-D6-TF-024. Reston, VA: USGS. 1963, photorevised 1984. Also consulted the Cuyahoga County Sanitary Engineering Department, Topographic Map [Orthophoto], Sheet 38.03, 1978.

14. A few blocks south of Columbia, on Cedar Road, Realtor William G. Taylor would later advertise lots on land 40 feet higher than The Overlook as having "a grand view of Lake Erie." (Plain Dealer, 20 September 1896, 19). Similarly, Calhoun's mansion on Cedar had a "glorious view of Lake Erie," according to Calhoun's daughter and presumably the large lots near Columbia and the Euclid Club shared such views (Mildred Calhoun Wick, Living with Love (Newport, DE: Serendipity Press, 1986), 72).

15. Actually, Clark Street had followed an inverted "J" shaped route, whereas Edgehill stayed on a straight course all the way to the top, cresting the ridge north of Clark Street's old terminus.

16. Harris and Robinson state that Euclid Heights was established "with straight streets to carry the traffic, curving boulevards that followed the natural terrain, and large residences set in spacious lawns." (Mary Emma Harris and Ruth Mills Robinson, The Proud Heritage of Cleveland Heights, Ohio (s.l.: Howard Allen, 1966), 21.)

17. Quoted in Norman T. Newton, Designs on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 465-67.

18. "Because of the constant supply of new land brought forth by the expansion of the streetcar system, standards for lot sizes rose continually throughout the 1870-1900 period." (Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 81 (page references are to reprint edition).

19. Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 19: 2-13. The notary public for the signing of the dedication was William L. Rice, an attorney who will play a major role in the allotment's history in coming years. His law firm, Blandin, Rice and Ginn, were evidently handling the recordation as his partner, Frank H. Ginn, notarized the 1893 sheets. Note, too, that Bowditch's declaration about the survey was signed by one J. E. Palmer acting as his agent. James E. Palmer is listed in the City Directory for 1892 as a civil engineer, living in a local hotel.

20. "John Hartness Brown to the City of Cleveland," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Index, vol. 605: 57, 23 May 1895. "Euclid Heights Realty Company to Allison J. Thompson," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Index, vol. 642: 524, 12 June 1896. Thompson was an employee of the allotment's law firm, Blandin, Rice and Ginn.

21. Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 58-60 (page references are to reprint edition).

22. "Euclid Heights Realty Company to Stewart H. Chisholm," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Index, vol. 616: 612, 2 December 1895.

23. "Euclid Heights Realty Company to Ralph H. Cobb," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Index, vol. 631: 505, 14 May 1896.

24. "Euclid Heights Realty Company to Allison J. Thompson," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Index, vol. 642: 524, 12 June 1896. Sam Bass Warner has observed that the uniformity of unrestricted subdivisions was often due to peer pressure and a belief that conformity of styles and setbacks enhanced values and led to self-regulation. Perhaps in the case of smaller, marginal lots the Euclid Heights planners felt that such mechanisms were adequate (Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and The MIT Press, 1962; reprint, New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 117 (page references are to reprint edition)).

25. "Euclid Heights is Cleveland's Park Allotment," Plain Dealer, 17 July 1892, 6.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. The exception being the north-south lines separating Original Lot 406 from 405 on the west and 8 on the east, as these had to be contained in the legal description of the allotment.

CHAPTER VI: THE EUCLID HEIGHTS ALLOTMENT PLAT OF 1896

1. Plain Dealer, 25 August 1894, 6.

2. Plain Dealer, 13 June 1897, 2:1. "Mr. and Mrs. William L Rice have issued cards for a large reception at their beautiful new home on Euclid Heights, on next Wednesday evening." Ibid., 20 June 1897, 14. "...Their splendid new colonial residence, Lowe Ridge, on Euclid hights (sic), presented a brilliant scene when the spacious rooms were filled with the throng of elegantly attired guests.... Assisting in the receiving were Mrs. Patrick Calhoun, Mrs. Tom L. Johnson... and Mrs. A. H. Granger...."

3. A. H. Mueller and Company, Atlas of the Suburbs of Cleveland, Ohio in One Volume, Compiled from Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys by F. L. Krause, Ellis Kiser, Thomas Glynn, Otto Barthel, Paul Stikney and R. H. Bunning (Philadelphia, PA: A. H. Mueller and Company, 1898), 9. The marketing of this development was no doubt enhanced by the inter-connected nature of Cleveland's social elite. Herrick and Parmelee were on the board of the National Carbon Company, whose Vice President was Benjamin Miles, later to become a Euclid Heights resident, Brush and Rockefeller; through whom are connected Miles, also President of Cleveland Linseed and Oil Company and A. E. Hay, Supt. of Williams Publishing and Electric Company, both Euclid Heights property owners.

4. "Land at Euclid Heights," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 24: 8, 15 July 1897. "Plan of Euclid Heights," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 24: 29, 23 August 1898. Inset map "Key map showing relation of property to parks & transportation lines" in Bowditch's 1896 map, "Plan of Euclid Heights, Cleveland, Ohio," shows this relationship perfectly.

5. "McArthur's Brooklyn Park Allotment" Plain Dealer, 2 September 1894.

6. Plain Dealer, 15 July 1894, 14.

7. The World's History of Cleveland: Commemorating the City's Centennial Anniversary, (Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland World, 1896), 319. For information on a later gift of land in this area by Calhoun, see Cleveland Press, 9 February 1898, 1.

8. Plain Dealer, 15 October 1896. See also Plain Dealer for 13 June 1897 (front page), for more on the Murray Hill line battles. And Notes on the Dates of Expiration of Various Grants of the Cleveland Electric Railway Company [City of Cleveland, ca. 1907?], 44-45. Note that the franchise was to the railway company and not -- as reported by Johannesen and Harris and Robinson -- to Calhoun, who had no known interest in the company (Eric Johannesen, Cleveland Architecture, 1876-1976 (Cleveland, OH: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979), 101. Mary Emma Harris and Ruth Mills Robinson, The Proud Heritage of Cleveland Heights, Ohio (s.l.: Howard Allen, 1966), 45).

9. William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 573.

10. "A Dead Ordinance" Plain Dealer, 29 September 1896, and "On the Hip - The Railway Company has the Bulge on the City in the Murray Hill Avenue Paving" Plain Dealer, 11 October 1896, 2. Questions whether Big Con will abandon its Murray Hill Avenue line in favor of a line along Sterns, Deering and Fairchild streets.

11. "Generous Gift - Mr. Patrick Calhoun Presents the City with Valuable Lands - To be Used in the Extension of the Park System - Euclid Avenue to Cedar Hights" Plain Dealer 6 August 1896, 2.

12. Plain Dealer, 25 October 1996, 7. "Public Parks - Their Influence Upon the Development and Growth of Great Cities - Some Thoughts and Figures - Which Indicate that Cleveland's New Park System Will Promote the City's Growth." This idea of Euclid Heights being in the "elbow" of the park system was also found in the Euclid Heights promotional pamphlet of the same period: Euclid Heights (Cleveland, OH: Press of J.B. Savage, [1896?]), [13].

13. For example, Sarah Brewster had purchased sublot number 12 from the Mrs. Low in 1896, for $400 and tried to simultaneously sell it on land contract to H. G. Rupp for $1,000. A year later she sold her interest, subject to Rupp's land contract, to Carrie B. Taylor for $770. Calhoun got Rupp's land contract assigned to him three months later, passing it one to the realty company, who then purchased Taylor's title for nearly $798. (Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 651: 117; Ibid., vol. 655: 59; Ibid. vol. 667: 168; and ibid., vol. 707: 158). In another case, the Low's sold lot number 21 to Alvan R. Brown in 1876 for $250. He held it until 1899, when he sold it to the realty company for $1,000, taking a mortgage back of $300. (Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 297: 171; and ibid., vol. 714: 636; Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Mortgages, vol. 752: 40). The process was similar in Stackpole and Parker's, although lots there seem to have originally been sold in groups more often than individually. Even J. G. W. Cowles, Parmely's real estate partner until 1897, was also involved in these transactions. He was the executor of the estate of Fanny W. Low (J. J.'s widow) when she died in 1898 and he deeded the lots still in her hands over to the Euclid Heights Realty Company in 1901. This was during the general period that he was serving as President of the Cleveland Trust Company and placing the $1,100,000 bond issue for the realty company (Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 794: 34, 29 May 1901).

14. A. H. Mueller and Company, Atlas of the Suburbs of Cleveland, Ohio in One Volume, Compiled from Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys by F. L. Krause, Ellis Kiser, Thomas Glynn, Otto Barthel, Paul Stikney and R. H. Bunning (Philadelphia, PA: A. H. Mueller and Company, 1898), 9. Warren Corning Wick, My Recollections of Old Cleveland: Manners, Mansions, Mischief (Cleveland, OH: Publix Book Mart, 1979), 107. Other mentions of remaining stands of trees in Euclid Heights include the article about the proposed streetcar line up onto the heights which, in 1890, mentioned a "grove to the rear of the Garfield memorial," which might refer to land that became Euclid Heights (Plain Dealer, 5 August 1890, 6.). Also, in 1896, Realtor William G. Taylor advertised large, acre-plus lots fronting on Cedar Road, "across from Streator's Grove," which should have been about where Calhoun's second home was located (Ibid., 20 September 1896, 19.).

15. Plain Dealer, 4 October 1996, 19. Norman T. Newton might object to calling Euclid Heights Boulevard a "parkway," believing that parkways, in the modern sense, are limited access roads (Designs on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 597). The testimonial letters were originally published in Euclid Heights, op. cit. [16 & 19].

16. Patrick Calhoun's brother, John, was here reported to be a major stockholder with Patrick in the entire allotment, a claim found nowhere else (Cleveland Press, 23 November 1895, 1). Alexander Winton did not exhibit his first automobile until the year following the announcement about the Euclid Heights fleet. For early automotive history of Cleveland see William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 503. Also see Darwin Stapleton, "Automotive Industry," in David Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2d ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press,1996), 57-59, and H. Roger Grant, "Transportation," ibid., 974-979.

17. "The New Home of the Euclid Club," Plain Dealer, 25 August 1901 (part 3), 1. Frances F. Bushea, "Euclid Heights and the Euclid Club," Ibid., 20 March 1950.

18. Warren Corning Wick, My Recollections of Old Cleveland: Manners, Mansions, Mischief (Cleveland, OH: Publix Book Mart, 1979), 106-108. And, William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: the Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 1069.

19. "John H. Brown et al. to The Society for Savings," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 527: 410, 11 May 1892. "The Railroad and Realty Security Company et al. to Garfield Savings," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 543: 419, 421 and 423, 15 November 1892.

20. "The Euclid Heights Company to E. J. Blandin, Trustee," 24 September 1894, Cuyahoga County Recorders Office, Deeds, vol. 601: 312, 320 and 325.

21. "The Euclid Heights Realty Company to The Cleveland Trust Company," 11 October 1897, Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, 687: 116. Cited in "The Cleveland Trust Company, Trustees, et al., vs. The Euclid Heights Realty Company, et al." Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court Journal, vol. 188: 137, 10 August 1912.

22. William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 555.

23. William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 633.

CHAPTER VII: BANKRUPTCY AND RE-SUBDIVISIONS AFTER 1896

1. "Brown in Town... Patrick Calhoun, His Representative, With Him," St. Louis Star, 7 March 1899.

2. One large buyer of bonds was the Maryland Casualty Company (Plain Dealer, 16 May 1914, 3).

3. "Cleveland Trust Company, Trustees, et al., Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 188:140, 10 August 1912.

4. "The Euclid Heights Realty Company to The Cleveland Trust Company," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Deeds, vol. 687: 116, 11 October 1897. Cited in "The Cleveland Trust Company, Trustees, et al., vs. The Euclid Heights Realty Company et al." Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court Journal, vol. 188: 137, 10 August 1912.

5. Cuyahoga County Recorders Office, Maps, Vol. 36, 2-15 and 17. "Euclid Heights Allotment." 28 February 1907.

6. "The Cleveland Trust Company, Trustees, et al., vs. The Euclid Heights Realty Company," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court Journal, vol. 188: 138, 10 August 1912.

7. There is record of a partial payment made on 14 April 1909 which apparently did not restore any degree of control to the Euclid Heights Realty Company.

8. Walton Bean, Boss Ruef's San Francisco: The Story of the Union Labor Party, Big Business, and the Graft Prosecution (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1952). Calhoun's family felt the trial was designed to keep him from handling his business affairs elsewhere. Mildred Calhoun Wick, Living with Love (Newport, DE: Serendipity Press, 1986), 82 and 83.

9. Eric Johannesen, "A Building Worth Killing For?" Timeline, August/September, 1985, 42-47.

10. "The Cleveland Trust Company, Trustees, et al., vs. The Euclid Heights Realty Company," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court Journal, vol. 188: 137, 10 August 1912. It is unknown whether J. G. W. Cowles' accession to the Chairmanship of Cleveland Trust in 1903 had any bearing on that firm's timing and tactics in its relationship with the realty company.

11. Interestingly, the owners of the lots were disproportionately found to be the wives of the couples residing there. Sixty-eight women were named, as compared with only forty men. While husbands and wives were both named in several cases, and known divorcees and widows in several others, in most cases only the wife was named of a married couple. This probably reflects a social convention calling for the domicile to be placed in the wife's name, but financial protection may have been an important factor in the shaping of that convention. John Hartness Brown was sued by The Cleveland Trust in 1910 for placing his home in his second wife's name, the suit alleging that this was done to shelter the home from the bank's claims as trustee for his first wife's alimony. (Cleveland Press, 8 June 1910, 8.)

12. In April the amount of the award to Rice's estate was reduced to $67,000 (Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 187:143) and the Guardian Savings and Trust Company obtained a $3,338 judgment in July (Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 188:150).

13. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 194:427, 6 February 1914, 467.

14. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 127:782, 6 February 1914.

15. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 194:427, 21 February 1914, 443.

16. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 194:427, 21 February 1914, 465.

17. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 188:137, 10 August 1912.

18. G. M. Hopkins Company, Plat Book of the City of Cleveland Ohio and Suburbs....; Volume One North-east and Southeast Divisions of the City and Eastern Suburbs, 1912, 35.

19. Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 194:427, 21 February 1914.

20. Plain Dealer, 10 May 1914, 7C. Ibid., 16 May 1914, 3. "Cleveland Trust Company, et al, Plaintiffs, versus Euclid Heights Realty Company, Defendants," Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Journal, vol. 127:782, 6 February 1914.

21. Plain Dealer, 16 May 1914, 3. Ibid., 17 May 1914, 8A. Occupations of some purchasers from The Official Cleveland (Sixth City) Directory for the Year Ending August, 1915, [1914].

22. Frances F. Bushea. "Euclid Heights and the Euclid Club," Plain Dealer, 20 March 1950.

23. Letters from Jennie Brown Turner to the Superintendent of Lake View Cemetery Association, in Cleveland, dated 12 July 1931 and 28 October 1948, state that her brother, John Hartness Brown, of London, England, and New York City, was, by 1948, "deceased and buried elsewhere." His grand-niece, Mrs. Donald (Margery) T. Williams, of Naples, Florida, recalls meeting him in New York City during the 1940s (telephone conversation with the author). "Kenilworth Estates," Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 170: 5, 19 May 1958. Maury Klein, "Patrick Calhoun," Dictionary of American Biography: Supplement Three, 1941-1945, Edward T. James, ed., (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946), 125-126. Ruth Waldo Newhall, The Newhall Ranch: The Story of the Newhall Land and Farming Company (San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library), 1958, 90-91.

24. H. Roger Grant, "Transportation," The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2nd ed., (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996), 974-979. William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company, 1950), 622 and 798.

25. "Cedar Hill to be Revamped to Aid in Traffic Relief," Cleveland News, 21 July 1927.

26. P. J. O'Donnell's Cedar-Coventry Subdivision was recorded by the Cleveland Realty Improvement Company, Williard J. Crawford, Jr., President, and George H. Boutall, Secretary (Cuyahoga County Recorder's Office, Maps, vol. 78: 40, 25 August 1922). According to the 1922 city directories, George H. Boutall lived at the same address as Theodore W. Boutall, cashier for the Van Sweringen Company.

27. David Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, eds., The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987), 302-03.

28. The group of allotments south of Cedar Road consists of the Ambler Heights Allotment, the Walton Brothers' Cedar Heights Allotment, the Wade Realty Company's Cedar Hill Allotment, and the various re-subdivisions of the Abeyton Realty Company's Euclid Golf Allotment. Data on assessment values were obtained from John A. Zangerle, 1920 Assessments: Unit Value Maps of Cleveland, East Cleveland, Lakewood, and Cleveland Heights, 1920. And John A. Zangerle, 1924 Assessments: Unit Value Land Maps with Building Schedules and Photographic Types of Cleveland, East Cleveland, Lakewood, Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights and Rocky River, 1924.

29. Thomas Adams, The Design of Residential Areas: Basic Considerations, Principles, and Methods, 1934, 9.

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